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1. Is there ever a time when Judaism says that one must assist one's own enemy?

We learn from the Book of Exodus that "if you see your enemy's donkey lying down under its burden and would refrain from raising it, you must nevertheless raise it with him" (Exodus 23:5). This is clear proof that the Torah itself demands that we struggle against natural but unkind human tendencies. The fact that you do not like another person (even considering that person your enemy) does not entitle you to ignore the animal's sufferings, let alone those of the person's family members.

I was once asked whether it is proper to visit someone in the hospital who you do not like. Jewish scholars differ about whether one should pay a visit to an enemy who falls sick. It is a mitzvah to visit those who are ill and in need of healing. One argument against doing this is that one could create the impression of gloating over another's misfortunes, thereby causing depression in the person being visited. In other words, if it is impossible to convey empathy and concern to a sick person whom one dislikes, it might be best to stay away.

2. Are tzedakah and charity the same thing? I once heard that they are different. If so, how so?

The Hebrew word "tzedakah" is derived from the biblical word "tzedek" which means "justice" or "righteousness." In post biblical Hebrew tzedakah specifically applies to the relief of poverty as an act of justice and moral behavior. The use of tzedakah to designate any work directed toward assisting the poor person's right to food, clothing, and shelter is considered by Judaism as a legal claim that must be honored by the more fortunate. The word "charity," on the other hand, comes from the Latin word "caritas," referring to the love of one person for another. It is true that Jews give tzedakah because they know that helping the poor is a kind thing to do. But there is more. Jews do tzedakah because that act may help to eliminate injustice in the world. Thus, tzedakah is the righteous way to give.

In Judaism, tzedakah is required of all people, rich and poor. No matter where a person is in life, there is always another person less fortunate.

In modern times the giving of tzedakah through large agencies such as the Jewish federation's United Jewish Communities has changed the whole method of giving tzedakah. The collection of large funds by combining contributions has proven to be effective in helping many different causes. According to the Talmud (Baba Batra 9b), giving tzedakah is equal to all of the other mitzvot combined!

Rabbi Ron Isaacs is the spiritual leader of Temple Sholom, a Conservative congregation in Bridgewater. He has recently published biographies of Abraham Joshua Heschel and Judah Touro (Torah Aura Productions). His newest book, "Have a Good Laugh: Jewish Jokes for the Soul," will be forthcoming this fall. Contact him at www.rabbiron.com or "Ask the Rabbi," c/o Rabbi Ron Isaacs, Temple Sholom, P.O. Box 6007, Bridgewater, N.J. 08807.